Annotation of loncom/lcuseradd, revision 1.39

1.1       harris41    1: #!/usr/bin/perl
1.16      harris41    2: 
                      3: # The Learning Online Network with CAPA
1.1       harris41    4: #
1.16      harris41    5: # lcuseradd - LON-CAPA setuid script to coordinate all actions
                      6: #             with adding a user with filesystem privileges (e.g. author)
1.1       harris41    7: #
1.16      harris41    8: #
1.39    ! albertel    9: # $Id: lcuseradd,v 1.38 2005/07/29 17:33:18 raeburn Exp $
1.16      harris41   10: ###
1.15      harris41   11: 
                     12: ###############################################################################
                     13: ##                                                                           ##
                     14: ## ORGANIZATION OF THIS PERL SCRIPT                                          ##
                     15: ##                                                                           ##
                     16: ## 1. Description of script                                                  ##
                     17: ## 2. Invoking script (standard input)                                       ##
                     18: ## 3. Example usage inside another piece of code                             ##
                     19: ## 4. Description of functions                                               ##
                     20: ## 5. Exit codes                                                             ##
                     21: ## 6. Initializations                                                        ##
                     22: ## 7. Make sure this process is running from user=www                        ##
                     23: ## 8. Start running script with www permissions                              ##
                     24: ## 9. Handle case of another lcpasswd process (locking)                      ##
                     25: ## 10. Error-check input, need 3 values (user name, password 1, password 2)  ##
                     26: ## 11. Start running script with root permissions                            ##
                     27: ## 12. Add user and make www a member of the user-specific group             ##
                     28: ## 13. Set password                                                          ##
                     29: ## 14. Make final modifications to the user directory                        ##
                     30: ## 15. Exit script (unlock)                                                  ##
                     31: ##                                                                           ##
                     32: ###############################################################################
1.1       harris41   33: 
                     34: use strict;
1.35      foxr       35: use File::Find;
                     36: 
1.1       harris41   37: 
1.15      harris41   38: # ------------------------------------------------------- Description of script
                     39: #
1.1       harris41   40: # This script is a setuid script that should
1.20      foxr       41: # be run by user 'www'.  It creates a /home/USERNAME directory.
1.15      harris41   42: # It adds a user to the unix system.
1.2       harris41   43: # Passwords are set with lcpasswd.
                     44: # www becomes a member of this user group.
1.1       harris41   45: 
1.15      harris41   46: # -------------- Invoking script (standard input versus command-line arguments)
1.26      foxr       47: #                Otherwise sensitive information will be available to ps-ers for
                     48: #                a small but exploitable time window.
1.15      harris41   49: #
                     50: # Standard input (STDIN) usage
1.1       harris41   51: # First line is USERNAME
                     52: # Second line is PASSWORD
1.3       harris41   53: # Third line is PASSWORD
1.26      foxr       54: # Fouth line is the name of a file to which an error code will be written.
                     55: #            If the fourth line is omitted, no error file will be written.
                     56: #            In either case, the program Exits with the code as its Exit status.
                     57: #            The error file will just be a single line containing an
                     58: #            error code.
                     59: #            
                     60: #  
1.15      harris41   61: #
                     62: # Command-line arguments [USERNAME] [PASSWORD] [PASSWORD]
                     63: # Yes, but be very careful here (don't pass shell commands)
                     64: # and this is only supported to allow perl-system calls.
                     65: #
1.7       harris41   66: # Valid passwords must consist of the
                     67: # ascii characters within the inclusive
                     68: # range of 0x20 (32) to 0x7E (126).
                     69: # These characters are:
                     70: # SPACE and
                     71: # !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
                     72: # PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~
1.15      harris41   73: #
1.7       harris41   74: # Valid user names must consist of ascii
                     75: # characters that are alphabetical characters
                     76: # (A-Z,a-z), numeric (0-9), or the underscore
                     77: # mark (_). (Essentially, the perl regex \w).
1.15      harris41   78: # User names must begin with an alphabetical character
                     79: # (A-Z,a-z).
1.7       harris41   80: 
1.15      harris41   81: # ---------------------------------- Example usage inside another piece of code
1.4       harris41   82: # Usage within code
                     83: #
1.26      foxr       84: # $Exitcode=
1.15      harris41   85: #      system("/home/httpd/perl/lcuseradd","NAME","PASSWORD1","PASSWORD2")/256;
1.26      foxr       86: # print "uh-oh" if $Exitcode;
1.4       harris41   87: 
1.15      harris41   88: # ---------------------------------------------------- Description of functions
                     89: # enable_root_capability() : have setuid script run as root
                     90: # disable_root_capability() : have setuid script run as www
                     91: # try_to_lock() : make sure that another lcpasswd process isn't running
                     92: 
                     93: # ------------------------------------------------------------------ Exit codes
1.26      foxr       94: # These are the Exit codes.
1.13      harris41   95: # ( (0,"ok"),
                     96: # (1,"User ID mismatch.  This program must be run as user 'www'"),
1.15      harris41   97: # (2,"Error. This program needs 3 command-line arguments (username, ".
                     98: #    "password 1, password 2)."),
1.13      harris41   99: # (3,"Error. Three lines should be entered into standard input."),
1.15      harris41  100: # (4,"Error. Too many other simultaneous password change requests being ".
                    101: #    "made."),
1.13      harris41  102: # (5,"Error. User $username does not exist."),
                    103: # (6,"Error. Could not make www a member of the group \"$safeusername\"."),
                    104: # (7,"Error. Root was not successfully enabled.),
1.15      harris41  105: # (8,"Error. Cannot set password."),
1.13      harris41  106: # (9,"Error. The user name specified has invalid characters."),
                    107: # (10,"Error. A password entry had an invalid character."),
                    108: # (11,"Error. User already exists.),
1.15      harris41  109: # (12,"Error. Something went wrong with the addition of user ".
                    110: #     "\"$safeusername\"."),
1.13      harris41  111: # (13,"Error. Password mismatch."),
1.38      raeburn   112: # (14, "Error filename is invalid"),
                    113: # (15, "Error. Could not add home directory.")
1.4       harris41  114: 
1.15      harris41  115: # ------------------------------------------------------------- Initializations
1.1       harris41  116: # Security
1.15      harris41  117: $ENV{'PATH'}='/bin/:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/home/httpd/perl'; # Nullify path
                    118:                                                                 # information
1.16      harris41  119: delete @ENV{qw(IFS CDPATH ENV BASH_ENV)}; # nullify potential taints
1.2       harris41  120: 
1.15      harris41  121: # Do not print error messages.
                    122: my $noprint=1;
                    123: 
1.23      foxr      124: print "In lcuseradd\n" unless $noprint;
                    125: 
1.15      harris41  126: # ----------------------------- Make sure this process is running from user=www
                    127: my $wwwid=getpwnam('www');
                    128: &disable_root_capability;
                    129: if ($wwwid!=$>) {
                    130:     print("User ID mismatch.  This program must be run as user 'www'\n")
                    131: 	unless $noprint;
1.26      foxr      132:     &Exit(1);
1.4       harris41  133: }
1.15      harris41  134: 
                    135: # ----------------------------------- Start running script with www permissions
1.4       harris41  136: &disable_root_capability;
                    137: 
1.15      harris41  138: # --------------------------- Handle case of another lcpasswd process (locking)
1.4       harris41  139: unless (&try_to_lock("/tmp/lock_lcpasswd")) {
1.15      harris41  140:     print "Error. Too many other simultaneous password change requests being ".
                    141: 	"made.\n" unless $noprint;
1.26      foxr      142:     &Exit(4);
1.4       harris41  143: }
                    144: 
1.15      harris41  145: # ------- Error-check input, need 3 values (user name, password 1, password 2).
1.4       harris41  146: my @input;
1.26      foxr      147: if (@ARGV>=3) {
1.4       harris41  148:     @input=@ARGV;
1.28      foxr      149: } elsif (@ARGV) {
1.26      foxr      150:     print("Error. This program needs at least 3 command-line arguments (username, ".
                    151: 	  "password 1, password 2 [errorfile]).\n") unless $noprint;
1.4       harris41  152:     unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
1.26      foxr      153:     &Exit(2);
1.28      foxr      154: } else {
1.4       harris41  155:     @input=<>;
1.26      foxr      156:     if (@input < 3) {
                    157: 	print("Error. At least three lines should be entered into standard input.\n")
1.15      harris41  158: 	    unless $noprint;
1.4       harris41  159: 	unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
1.26      foxr      160: 	&Exit(3);
1.4       harris41  161:     }
1.19      harris41  162:     foreach (@input) {chomp;}
1.4       harris41  163: }
                    164: 
1.26      foxr      165: my ($username,$password1,$password2, $error_file)=@input;
1.23      foxr      166: print "Username = ".$username."\n" unless $noprint;
1.4       harris41  167: $username=~/^(\w+)$/;
1.22      foxr      168: print "Username after substitution - ".$username unless $noprint;
1.4       harris41  169: my $safeusername=$1;
1.23      foxr      170: print "Safe username = $safeusername \n" unless $noprint;
1.22      foxr      171: 
1.15      harris41  172: if (($username ne $safeusername) or ($safeusername!~/^[A-Za-z]/)) {
1.22      foxr      173:     print "Error. The user name specified $username $safeusername  has invalid characters.\n"
1.15      harris41  174: 	unless $noprint;
1.8       harris41  175:     unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
1.26      foxr      176:     &Exit(9);
1.8       harris41  177: }
                    178: my $pbad=0;
1.19      harris41  179: foreach (split(//,$password1)) {if ((ord($_)<32)||(ord($_)>126)){$pbad=1;}}
                    180: foreach (split(//,$password2)) {if ((ord($_)<32)||(ord($_)>126)){$pbad=1;}}
1.8       harris41  181: if ($pbad) {
1.26      foxr      182:     print "Error. A password entry had an invalid character.\n" unless $noprint;
1.8       harris41  183:     unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
1.26      foxr      184:     &Exit(10);
1.8       harris41  185: }
1.5       harris41  186: 
1.26      foxr      187: #
                    188: #   Safe the filename.  For our case, it must only have alpha, numeric, period
                    189: #   and path sparators..
                    190: #
                    191: 
                    192: print "Error file is $error_file \n" unless $noprint;
                    193: 
                    194: if($error_file) {
                    195:     if($error_file =~ /^([(\w)(\d)\.\/]+)$/) {
                    196: 	print "Error file matched pattern $error_file : $1\n" unless $noprint;
                    197: 	my $safe_error_file = $1;	# Untainted I think.
                    198: 	print "Error file after transform $safe_error_file\n"
                    199: 	    unless $noprint;
                    200: 	if($error_file == $safe_error_file) {
                    201: 	    $error_file = $safe_error_file; # untainted error_file.
                    202: 	} else {
                    203: 	    $error_file ="";
                    204: 	    print "Invalid error filename\n" unless $noprint;
                    205: 	    Exit(14);
                    206: 	}
                    207: 
1.28      foxr      208:     } else {
1.26      foxr      209: 	$error_file="";
                    210: 	print "Invalid error filename\n" unless $noprint;
                    211: 	Exit(14);
                    212:     }
                    213: }
                    214: 
                    215: 
1.31      foxr      216: # -- Only add the user if they are >not< in /etc/passwd.
                    217: #    Used to look for the ability to create a new directory for the
                    218: #    user, however that disallows authentication changes from i
                    219: #    internal->fs.. so just check the passwd file instead.
                    220: #
1.34      foxr      221: my $not_found = system("cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd | grep -q \"^$safeusername\$\" ");
1.31      foxr      222: if (!$not_found) {
                    223:     print "Error user already exists\n" unless $noprint;
1.7       harris41  224:     unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
1.26      foxr      225:     &Exit(11);
1.7       harris41  226: }
                    227: 
1.31      foxr      228: 
                    229: 
1.15      harris41  230: # -- Only add user if the two password arguments match.
1.23      foxr      231: 
1.5       harris41  232: if ($password1 ne $password2) {
1.6       harris41  233:     print "Error. Password mismatch.\n" unless $noprint;
1.5       harris41  234:     unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
1.26      foxr      235:     &Exit(13);
1.5       harris41  236: }
1.23      foxr      237: print "enabling root\n" unless $noprint;
1.15      harris41  238: # ---------------------------------- Start running script with root permissions
1.4       harris41  239: &enable_root_capability;
                    240: 
1.38      raeburn   241: # ------------------- Add group and user, and make www a member of the group
                    242: # -- Add group
                    243: 
                    244: print "adding group: $safeusername \n" unless $noprint;
                    245: my $status = system('/usr/sbin/groupadd', $safeusername);
                    246: if ($status) {
                    247:     print "Error.  Something went wrong with the addition of group ".
                    248:           "\"$safeusername\".\n" unless $noprint;
                    249:     print "Final status of groupadd = $status\n";
                    250:     unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
                    251:     &Exit(12);
                    252: }
                    253: my $gid = getgrnam($safeusername);
                    254:                                                                                 
1.15      harris41  255: # -- Add user
1.23      foxr      256: 
                    257: print "adding user: $safeusername \n" unless $noprint;
1.38      raeburn   258: my $status = system('/usr/sbin/useradd','-c','LON-CAPA user','-g',$gid,$safeusername);
1.23      foxr      259: if ($status) {
1.15      harris41  260:     print "Error.  Something went wrong with the addition of user ".
                    261: 	  "\"$safeusername\".\n" unless $noprint;
1.38      raeburn   262:     system("/usr/sbin/groupdel $safeusername");
1.37      foxr      263:     print "Final status of useradd = $status\n";
1.4       harris41  264:     unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
1.26      foxr      265:     &Exit(12);
1.4       harris41  266: }
1.36      albertel  267: 
1.23      foxr      268: print "Done adding user\n" unless $noprint;
1.7       harris41  269: # Make www a member of that user group.
1.26      foxr      270: my $groups=`/usr/bin/groups www` or &Exit(6);
1.27      albertel  271: # untaint
1.29      albertel  272: my ($safegroups)=($groups=~/:\s*([\s\w]+)/);
1.27      albertel  273: $groups=$safegroups;
1.17      harris41  274: chomp $groups; $groups=~s/^\S+\s+\:\s+//;
                    275: my @grouplist=split(/\s+/,$groups);
                    276: my @ugrouplist=grep {!/www|$safeusername/} @grouplist;
                    277: my $gl=join(',',(@ugrouplist,$safeusername));
1.38      raeburn   278: print "Putting www in user's group\n" unless $noprint;
1.17      harris41  279: if (system('/usr/sbin/usermod','-G',$gl,'www')) {
1.15      harris41  280:     print "Error. Could not make www a member of the group ".
                    281: 	  "\"$safeusername\".\n" unless $noprint;
1.5       harris41  282:     unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
1.26      foxr      283:     &Exit(6);
1.5       harris41  284: }
                    285: 
1.15      harris41  286: # ---------------------------------------------------------------- Set password
                    287: # Set password with lcpasswd (which creates smbpasswd entry).
1.2       harris41  288: 
1.15      harris41  289: unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
                    290: &disable_root_capability;
1.16      harris41  291: ($>,$<)=($wwwid,$wwwid);
1.23      foxr      292: print "Opening lcpasswd pipeline\n" unless $noprint;
1.16      harris41  293: open OUT,"|/home/httpd/perl/lcpasswd";
1.15      harris41  294: print OUT $safeusername;
                    295: print OUT "\n";
                    296: print OUT $password1;
                    297: print OUT "\n";
                    298: print OUT $password1;
                    299: print OUT "\n";
                    300: close OUT;
                    301: if ($?) {
1.26      foxr      302:     print "abnormal Exit from close lcpasswd\n" unless $noprint;
                    303:     &Exit(8);
1.8       harris41  304: }
1.18      harris41  305: ($>,$<)=($wwwid,0);
1.15      harris41  306: &enable_root_capability;
1.8       harris41  307: 
1.38      raeburn   308: # Check if home directory exists for user
                    309: # If not, create one.
                    310: if (!-e "/home/$safeusername") {
                    311:     if (!mkdir("/home/$safeusername",0710)) {
                    312:         print "Error. Could not add home directory for ".
                    313:           "\"$safeusername\".\n" unless $noprint;
                    314:         unlink('/tmp/lock_lcpasswd');
                    315:         &Exit(15);
                    316:     }
                    317: }
1.20      foxr      318: 
1.15      harris41  319: # ------------------------------ Make final modifications to the user directory
                    320: # -- Add a public_html file with a stand-in index.html file
1.8       harris41  321: 
1.38      raeburn   322: if (-d "/home/$safeusername") {
                    323:     system('/bin/chmod','-R','0660',"/home/$safeusername");
                    324:     system('/bin/chmod','0710',"/home/$safeusername");
                    325:     mkdir "/home/$safeusername/public_html",0755;
                    326:     open OUT,">/home/$safeusername/public_html/index.html";
                    327:     print OUT<<END;
1.21      foxr      328: <html>
                    329: <head>
                    330: <title>$safeusername</title>
                    331: </head>
                    332: <body>
1.24      www       333: <h1>Construction Space</h1>
                    334: <h3>$safeusername</h3>
1.21      foxr      335: </body>
                    336: </html>
                    337: END
                    338: close OUT;
1.38      raeburn   339: }
1.35      foxr      340: 
1.32      foxr      341: #
                    342: #   In order to allow the loncapa daemons appropriate access
                    343: #   to public_html, Top level and public_html directories should
1.34      foxr      344: #   be owned by safeusername:safeusername as should the smaple index.html..
1.24      www       345: print "lcuseradd ownership\n" unless $noprint;
1.32      foxr      346: system('/bin/chown','-R',"$safeusername:$safeusername","/home/$safeusername"); # First set std ownership on everything.
1.35      foxr      347: &set_public_html_permissions("/home/$safeusername/public_html");
1.33      foxr      348: #  system('/bin/chown',"$safeusername:www","/home/$safeusername");	# Now adust top level...
                    349: #  system('/bin/chown','-R',"$safeusername:www","/home/$safeusername/public_html"); # And web dir.
1.24      www       350: # ---------------------------------------------------- Gracefull Apache Restart
                    351: if (-e '/var/run/httpd.pid') {
                    352:     print "lcuseradd Apache restart\n" unless $noprint;
                    353:     open(PID,'/var/run/httpd.pid');
                    354:     my $pid=<PID>;
                    355:     close(PID);
1.39    ! albertel  356:     $pid=~ /(\D+)/;
1.35      foxr      357:     my $safepid = $1;
1.24      www       358:     if ($pid) {
1.27      albertel  359: 	system('kill','-USR1',"$safepid");
1.24      www       360:     }
                    361: }
1.15      harris41  362: # -------------------------------------------------------- Exit script
1.26      foxr      363: print "lcuseradd Exiting\n" unless $noprint;
1.8       harris41  364: &disable_root_capability;
1.26      foxr      365: &Exit(0);
1.1       harris41  366: 
1.15      harris41  367: # ---------------------------------------------- Have setuid script run as root
1.5       harris41  368: sub enable_root_capability {
                    369:     if ($wwwid==$>) {
1.23      foxr      370: 	($<,$>)=($>,0);
                    371: 	($(,$))=($),0);
1.28      foxr      372:     } else {
1.5       harris41  373: 	# root capability is already enabled
                    374:     }
                    375:     return $>;
                    376: }
                    377: 
1.15      harris41  378: # ----------------------------------------------- Have setuid script run as www
1.5       harris41  379: sub disable_root_capability {
                    380:     if ($wwwid==$<) {
                    381: 	($<,$>)=($>,$<);
                    382: 	($(,$))=($),$();
1.28      foxr      383:     } else {
1.5       harris41  384: 	# root capability is already disabled
                    385:     }
                    386: }
                    387: 
1.15      harris41  388: # ----------------------- Make sure that another lcpasswd process isn't running
1.5       harris41  389: sub try_to_lock {
                    390:     my ($lockfile)=@_;
                    391:     my $currentpid;
                    392:     my $lastpid;
                    393:     # Do not manipulate lock file as root
                    394:     if ($>==0) {
                    395: 	return 0;
                    396:     }
                    397:     # Try to generate lock file.
                    398:     # Wait 3 seconds.  If same process id is in
                    399:     # lock file, then assume lock file is stale, and
                    400:     # go ahead.  If process id's fluctuate, try
                    401:     # for a maximum of 10 times.
                    402:     for (0..10) {
                    403: 	if (-e $lockfile) {
                    404: 	    open(LOCK,"<$lockfile");
                    405: 	    $currentpid=<LOCK>;
                    406: 	    close LOCK;
                    407: 	    if ($currentpid==$lastpid) {
                    408: 		last;
                    409: 	    }
                    410: 	    sleep 3;
                    411: 	    $lastpid=$currentpid;
1.28      foxr      412: 	} else {
1.5       harris41  413: 	    last;
                    414: 	}
                    415: 	if ($_==10) {
                    416: 	    return 0;
                    417: 	}
                    418:     }
                    419:     open(LOCK,">$lockfile");
                    420:     print LOCK $$;
                    421:     close LOCK;
                    422:     return 1;
                    423: }
1.35      foxr      424: #    Called by File::Find::find for each file examined.
                    425: #
                    426: #     Untaint the file and, if it is a directory,
                    427: #     chmod it to 02770
                    428: #
                    429: sub set_permission {
                    430:     $File::Find::name =~ /^(.*)$/;
                    431:     my $safe_name = $1;		# Untainted filename...
                    432:     
                    433:     print "$safe_name" unless $noprint;
                    434:     if(-d $safe_name) {
                    435: 	print " - directory" unless $noprint;
                    436: 	chmod(02770, $safe_name);
                    437:     }
                    438:     print "\n" unless $noprint;
                    439: 
                    440: }
                    441: #
                    442: #    Set up the correct permissions for all files in the 
                    443: #    user's public htmldir. We just do a chmod -R 0660 ... for
                    444: #    the ordinary files.  The we use File::Find
                    445: #    to pop through the directory tree changing directories only
                    446: #    to 02770:
                    447: #
                    448: sub set_public_html_permissions {
                    449:     my ($topdir) = @_;
                    450: 
                    451:     #   Set the top level dir permissions (I'm not sure if find 
                    452:     #   will enumerate it specifically), correctly and all
                    453:     #   files and dirs to the 'ordinary' file permissions:
                    454: 
                    455:     system("chmod -R 0660 $topdir");
                    456:     chmod(02770, $topdir);
                    457: 
                    458:     #  Now use find to locate all directories under $topdir
                    459:     #  and set their modes to 02770...
                    460:     #
                    461:     print "Find file\n " unless $noprint;
                    462:     File::Find::find({"untaint"         => 1,
                    463: 		      "untaint_pattern" => qr(/^(.*)$/),
                    464: 		      "untaint_skip"    => 1,
                    465: 		      "no_chdir"         => 1,
                    466: 		      "wanted"          => \&set_permission }, "$topdir");
                    467: 
                    468: 
                    469: }
                    470: 
1.26      foxr      471: #-------------------------- Exit...
                    472: #
                    473: #   Write the file if the error_file is defined.  Regardless
                    474: #   Exit with the status code.
                    475: #
                    476: sub Exit {
                    477:     my ($code) = @_;		# Status code.
                    478: 
1.37      foxr      479:     # TODO: Ensure the error file is owned/deletable by www:www:
                    480: 
                    481:     &disable_root_capability();	# We run unprivileged to write the error file.
                    482: 
1.26      foxr      483:     print "Exiting with status $code error file is $error_file\n" unless $noprint;
                    484:     if($error_file) {
                    485: 	open(FH, ">$error_file");
                    486: 	print FH  "$code\n";
                    487: 	close(FH);
                    488:     }
                    489:     exit $code;
                    490: }
1.16      harris41  491: 
                    492: =head1 NAME
                    493: 
                    494: lcuseradd - LON-CAPA setuid script to coordinate all actions
                    495:             with adding a user with filesystem privileges (e.g. author)
                    496: 
                    497: =head1 DESCRIPTION
                    498: 
                    499: lcuseradd - LON-CAPA setuid script to coordinate all actions
                    500:             with adding a user with filesystem privileges (e.g. author)
                    501: 
                    502: =head1 README
                    503: 
                    504: lcuseradd - LON-CAPA setuid script to coordinate all actions
                    505:             with adding a user with filesystem privileges (e.g. author)
                    506: 
                    507: =head1 PREREQUISITES
                    508: 
                    509: =head1 COREQUISITES
                    510: 
                    511: =pod OSNAMES
                    512: 
                    513: linux
                    514: 
                    515: =pod SCRIPT CATEGORIES
                    516: 
                    517: LONCAPA/Administrative
                    518: 
                    519: =cut

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